Aim: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a major district hospital in West Java, Indonesia. The control group consisted of non-CKD adult outpatients attending the clinics of the study hospital, whilst the CKD patients diagnosed less than 5 years were included in case group. The patients were interviewed using a questionnaire developed by Indonesian Research Center for Food and Medicine. Data of diagnosis and comorbidities were retrieved from medical records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the CKD risk factors.
Results: There were 75 patients included in each group. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 82 years. No considerable difference in age between the groups where overall the patients aged 53.96 ± 12.59 years. Males accounted more than half of the patients in each group. The majority of patients (≥80%) in each group were married. There was no discernible difference in level of education and type of occupation between both groups. Eleven independent variables including demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation), diagnosis and comorbidity, and lifestyle issues (behaviors associated with smoking, dietary, drug use) were used as the potential risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed five significant risk factors: diabetes mellitus (odds ratio/OR =8.20), hypertension (OR=11.50), caffeinated beverages (OR=18.10), alcoholic drinks (OR=12.80) and carbonated/sweetened beverages (OR=9.50)
Conclusion: Shortly, diabetes mellitus and hypertension have been confirmed as CKD predictors. Consumption of unhealthy drinks is associated with increased risk of CKD