This book examines the inception, implementation, and ongoing controversies surrounding the Kyoto Protocol, the first legally binding international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Entering into force in 2005, the Protocol marked a significant milestone in global climate governance, yet simultaneously deepened political divisions among nations. The text explores the polarized responses between industrialized countries—particularly between supporters like the European Union and Japan, and opponents such as the United States—and highlights the contentious debates between developed and developing nations regarding emission reduction obligations. With the Protocol’s commitments limited to the 2008–2012 period and lacking post-2012 provisions, the book addresses the challenges in achieving long-term global cooperation. It further analyzes the complex interplay between scientific knowledge and political discourse, scrutinizing how uncertainties in climate science are interpreted, debated, and sometimes misrepresented in policy-making. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing climate science, technological options, economic implications, and public policy, this work aims to clarify the pathways forward amidst a climate policy deadlock. Written for an informed but non-specialist audience, the book offers valuable insight for students, scientists, and policymakers seeking to understand both the science and politics of climate change.